Open Access — free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions. The Capsules tab in the Backpack. 9%. The RLS, conducted in 2007 and 2014, surveys more than 35,000 Americans from all 50 states about their religious affiliations, beliefs and practices, and social and political views. With all their diversity of beliefs, the major religions are in accord in one great teaching: Human beings are immortal and their spirit comes from a divine world and may eventually return there. miracle. It also used to beat Reformed Reliconis's base. The categories most often used are: (1) Middle Eastern religions, including Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Zoroastrianism, and a variety of ancient cults; (2) East Asian religions, comprising the religious communities of China, Japan, and Korea, and consisting of Confucianism, Daoism, the various schools of Mahayana (“Greater Vehicle. Its appearance hasn’t changed in 100,000,000 years, so it’s called a living fossil. ; While the dev team originally said that the Jhebbal Sag would be the final. Tenskwatawa, by George Catlin. These religions, which include Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, and Sikhism. There will be a Legendary Doodle for collecting all 100 data chips. Base Stats are an important defining characteristic of each Doodle species. It is a complex phenomenon that has been found in the earliest known forms of worship and in all parts of the world. The number of Christians also is projected to rise, but more slowly, at about the same rate (35%) as. • Geography and culture have an effect on the establishment and development of religions. has a long history as a majority Protestant nation, and, as recently as the 2007 Pew Research Center Religious Landscape Study, more than half of U. Sacrifice - Rituals, Offerings, Gods: The constituent elements of sacrifice have been incorporated into the particular religions and cultures of the world in various and often complex ways. Reliconis' catch rate. I see it accompanied and inseparable from a kind of signal—like an affirmative signal or a signal of “ugh, that’s homework. It offers best estimates at multiple dates for each. Usually, these feelings are connected with the supernatural, for. If there's any universal truth or common teaching across various religions, it's probably the golden rule: Treat others as you would want to be treated yourself. 9%. Native American religions, religious beliefs and sacramental practices of the indigenous peoples of North and South America. Explore the history, practices, and doctrines of the world’s major religions on Learn Religions. Improve this answer. Worship, moral conduct, right belief, and participation in religious institutions are among the constituent elements of the religious life. Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. Whichever is the case, there is. These traditions lacked sacred texts and fixed. Religion uses nearly all forms of diffusion to reproduce itself across space. Gnosis is a Greek word for knowledge, and in Gnosticism (and religion in general) it refers to awareness, experience, and knowledge of the presence of God. 1 Guo Fu et al. Frequency: 4 issues/year. 1 billion, or 32%). According to IMDb, Christopher Lee took on his role in the film for free. Philosophy. 44 million, and Japan with 41. Labels: NEW means the item/skin in shop is new, prior to the update. Its influence could be seen in the continuing prohibition, almost everywhere, of abortion and in the tendency to play down official support (which nevertheless existed) for birth control campaigns. The word religion comes from a Latin word that means “to tie or bind together. Relic Definition. Islam is the second largest religion in the world. Religion in Egypt controls many aspects of social life and is endorsed by law. It can change its form using its trait, Reformation. In the Book of Ezekiel, there is an anticipation that the righteous Israelites will rise from the dead. These religious beliefs and practices form a single stream of tradition. Jesus is acknowledged as the greatest prophet by Muslims. Capsules are used to capture Doodles in Doodle World. It also, perhaps most interestingly of all, shows syncretic neopagan religions developing as the current edge of religion—Asatru, Wicca, Thelema, Anthroposophy, the African disapora religions and. Many people want to know where the world came from. 9%, followed by Thailand at 94. ”. Sumerian in origin, Mesopotamian religion was added. Religious Majority. The Neolithic religion of the Near East originated between 8300 and 6500 bce in the zone of the so-called Fertile Crescent (Palestine, Syria, northern Iraq, and Iran). This study guide briefly compared universalizing and ethnic religions, how those religions have diffused over time, and are present in the areas of the world they are today. ABOVE: The Fall of Man, painted between 1628. People are usually familiar only with the most famous and traditional religions such as Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Judaism. Ruffire can be obtained through the following methods: Ruffire was designed by Klutzu. Bana'im. In spite of the large increase in practice of other creed, the majority of Italians still consider themselves Catholic. Most religions offer some. The most predominant views are that of animism, which is the belief that even non-living entities. Much like Islam, the Jewish religion is very similar to the Christian religion. One religion can simply discourage it while another can have the punishment of death by execution for lesbians, gays, bisexuals and transgender people. Pentecostalism. They believe that God is revealing Himself in a progressive manner through various world religions. The World Religion Database has extensive data on the world’s 234 countries and 22 United Nations regions. Of all the religions, Islam is one that most strictly opposes cremation. World religions refer to major organized religions that have a significant global influence, with followers all over the world, and a basic understanding of their beliefs among people of other. . A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications. 1 While, officially, statistics suggest that. In the 10th century Prince Vladimir I, who was converted by missionaries from Byzantium, adopted Christianity as the official. 6. Islam has been practiced in the area for centuries, beginning with Muslim refugees during the life of the prophet Muhammed. 5%). I lost two misprint reliconis due to them using desperation and knocking themselves out. Concepts like heaven, hell, resurrection, and judgment are. Absolutely. Religion in Colonial America was dominated by Christianity although Judaism was practiced in small communities after 1654. The incredibly detailed map of the world’s religions above, was created by reddit user scolbert08. Often religions believe in the spiritual nature of humans. 8% of the world’s population). Abrahamic religions typically include beliefs about the final destiny of humankind and the universe. The country is secular and its constitution guarantees freedom. . Islam strictly prohibits its followers from cremating the remains of a Muslim. Tom Terry is a broadcaster and missionary having served in the US, Turkey, and Mongolia with Campus Crusade for Christ. For us, peace has always been more than the absence of war or violence. Below appears a list, sortable by column, of Doodles and their Base Stats. [1] All the religions of the world contain narratives, symbols, and metaphors of violence and war. [1] This includes the East Asian religions such as. If you want a Hattrix and its runestone, I can. 1 Over that same period, Muslims – a comparatively youthful population with high fertility rates – are projected to increase by 73%. This can occur for many reasons, where religious traditions exist in proximity to each other, or when a culture is conquered and the conquerors bring their. By Pew in 2010, there are 204,000 Muslims in Brazil, representing 0. The Hypnotl Antigen is given to you for free after you beat Quincy in Doodleco Office J. Chinese philosophy and religion emphasizing noninterference with the course of natural events. Multiple religious belonging, also known as double belonging, refers to the idea that individuals can belong to more than one religious tradition. It usually rotates once a week, replacing the last set with a new one. Cambodia has the highest percentage of Buddhists at 97. About a third of Singapore’s population is Buddhist (34%), while 18% are Christian, 16% are religiously unaffiliated, 14% are Muslim, 5% are Hindu and <1% are Jewish. Nontheism has been applied and plays significant roles in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. [2] In Christian or Islamic communities, religious beliefs are also sometimes. Lutheranism. Abrahamic religions typically include beliefs about the final destiny of humankind and the universe. 5% of Americans are now Protestants. Religion in the United States began with the religions and spiritual practices of Native Americans. The user damages the target, and then tries to trades items. The government of Saudi Arabia has been criticized for its restrictions on religious freedom. Article. Not defined. Reincarnation, the belief that the soul of a man or woman who has died will later be born again into another physical body, is an ancient doctrine, ancient even at the time of the Greek and Roman empires. 5 million Muslims and others say about 400,000 to 500,000. One notorious answer comes from Voltaire, the 18th Century French polymath, who wrote: “If God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him. 7% are Sikh, and 0. Marx argued that religion is an illusion whose chief purpose is to. A character's religion has a major impact on their gameplay mechanics. One month each year, fast from food, drink, sex and smoking from sunrise to sunset; 5. Sizeable minorities adhering to Islam, Indian religions, and indigenous Philippine folk religions (Anito or Anitism) are also present. Cheondoism. Yves or St. A variety of views. All Doodle skins have a 1/1000 (0. Pharisees (ancestor of Rabbinic Judaism) Sadducees (possible ancestor of Karaite Judaism) Zealots (Judea) Sicarii. Religions often seem preoccupied with proper sexual behavior. Religions have different responses to homosexual and bisexual activities. Religion in Africa is multifaceted and has been a major influence on art, culture and philosophy. Although according to a 1999 census most Vietnamese list themselves as having no religious affiliation, religion, as defined by shared beliefs and practices, remains an integral part of Vietnamese life, dictating the social behaviours and spiritual practices of Vietnamese individuals in Vietnam and abroad. 1%) Sikhism (0. Otterism will feel like the first and last religion to them, too. Although its roots go back further, scholars typically date the creation of. A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications. . Explore the history, practices, and doctrines of the world’s major religions on Learn Religions. With the anti-Christ out of the picture. Many people want to know where the world came from. Polytheism - Animism, Pantheism, Henotheism: By the time of the establishment of the Roman Empire, the Greek tradition was already exerting considerable influence on the Roman, to the extent that once. To show you some of the most interesting, bizarre, and unique religions that you might not know about. Thus, while Christianity is a religion, the story of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden is a myth, not necessarily because it is false, but rather because of the immense importance it holds within Christianity. 2022 CiteScore*: 0. Most people have a basic understanding of the role that religions and belief systems like Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism played in ancient China. It evolves into Meiolicant starting at level 36. Basics. What’s less well-known is the fact that, as a major trading power for much of its history, China has also been influenced by a plethora of. Belief that good relations need to be kept with tribal ancestor spirits. Polytheism, the belief in many gods. In the early years of what later became the United States,. v. OL 4602999M. 7% as Muslim, 2% as Christians and 1. Muslims have two terms for their Satanic figure. They may be literal body parts (teeth, hair, bones) or objects which the holy person used or touched. The belief in a deity or multiple deities is often described as theism. It flourished between 6500 and 5000 bce in Anatolia, and disintegrated between 5000 and 3000 bce in the lowlands of Mesopotamia. The belief in a deity or multiple deities is often described as theism. Reliconis was designed by TiredArtist. This wiki is about Doodle World, a Roblox game created by Doodle World Studios released on the 2nd of April, 2022. The 13 Best Books About Witchcraft. The player must meet Erika at the gymnasium after she has finished attending her club. The country is a unitary state. t. Marx wrote: “The religious world is but the reflex of the real world. The Doodle with the lowest Base Stat Total is tied between Grom and Griblo, with 165 in total. Enlist a co-leader to work with. Relocation diffusion, often through missionary work, brings “great leaps forward” by crossing. From time to time important religious leaders organized revivals. Religious Commitment. Hinduism for Beginners. Between 2010 and 2050, the world’s total population is expected to rise to 9. Is there any chance this when this will ever be. Muslims believe that Allah sent numerous prophets to Earth over the centuries in order to teach humanity the. High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, AHCI (Web of Science), ATLA Religion Database. Cheondoism is a 20th-century Korean religious movement that has its origins in a peasant rebellion in 1812. 7% of Israel’s population identified as Jewish, 17. So here is a list of 10 religions that you (probably) never knew existed. The religious majority in Djibouti is made up of followers of Islam. Notes []. Interesting Facts. The main focus of Jainism is for followers to clear themselves of all karma and take themselves out of the rebirthing process — which makes one into a “conquerer,” where. Those religions found in a single region of the earth are grouped together. However, the five most popular religions are. Christianity is the predominant religion in the Philippines, [1] with Roman Catholicism being its largest denomination. About 507 million people practice Buddhism worldwide. To see the full resolution version just click on it. 6%) Folk religions (5. Demographically, it is the largest religion in India (80%), Nepal (85%), and the island of. This includes many of the well-known faiths including Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. He currently heads up Global Broadcast Strategy for JESUS Film Project and serves as General Manager of The Better FM, a streaming radio station reaching India and Pakistan. Religion in the Philippines. It is abstract (e. Nature and significance. Reason to believe. 8% of the global population). Such classifications are found in many textbooks on comparative religion, and they offer a. A deity is a spiritual being that is held as sacred, more deeply important and worthy of worship than mundane reality. . Reliconis is the only Legendary Doodle to have a form change and only one trait. The statistical data on religion show that Islam has the highest percentage of adherents with about 87. What Cult Suicides Are and Why They Happen. Christianity is the predominant religion in the Philippines, [1] with Roman Catholicism being its largest denomination. Rastafari is one of the most misunderstood religions in the. But because this was Jesus, his foreskin was way more special. After reading this AP® Human Geography Crash Course, you will. religious syncretism, the fusion of diverse religious beliefs and practices. To belong to a religion often means more than sharing its beliefs and. 46% of the population belongs to the religion of the Assemblies of God. Followers of Islam, called Muslims, believe in a single all-powerful god called Allah. Religion often involves cultural beliefs, worldviews, texts, prophecies, revelations, and morals that have spiritual meaning to members of the particular. Glubbie and Zerzura are the only Legendary Doodles to have a 1/800 encounter rate. Protestantism is the second largest religious identity in Puerto Rico, and 25. As a result, according to Pew Research Center projections, by 2060, the count of Muslims (3. When someone is reincarnated, the physical body dies but the soul comes back in another body. [1] However, irreligion and practical secularisation are also prominent in some countries. The word religion comes from a Latin word that means “to tie or bind together. Religion can be a central part of one’s identity. These religious beliefs and practices form a single stream of tradition. The Romans, according to the orator and politician Cicero, excelled all other peoples in the unique. 9K views 2 months ago I don't know what to call this Doodle World update but it has Extinct. Religions stir up so many wars in the world because they each aim to assert their superiority, strength and eternal truths. ”. Religion, human beings’ relation to that which they regard as holy, sacred, absolute, spiritual, divine, or worthy of especial reverence. Religious beliefs have. 35%) Jainism (0. . They believe in Monotheism—Allah in Arabic word. Its majestic mane can reach up to 20,000 degrees -- it uses this to great effect to defend the solar system from otherworldly invaders. The Ten Commandments in Judaism and Christianity, and Islam’s ethical guidelines outlined by the Prophet’s sayings and the Quran exemplify the shared emphasis on ethical conduct. Christianity is the only religion where God reaches down to man. Islam is the most widely followed religion in the Middle East. And Please, Don't make this a weird post, there needs to be some faint resemblance of a normal wiki community. Religion in India is characterised by a diversity of religious beliefs and practices. Religious tradition Name Symbol Origin Notes and references Christianity: Christian cross: 32 AD The Christian cross has traditionally been a symbol representing Christianity or Christendom as a whole, and is the best-known symbol of Christianity. AboutTranscript. 7%. Having done some research on the common features of early agrarian cities, I’m interested in finding out why all civilizations. The new instructions cover the. Those who follow a monotheistic religion believe in the existence of a single god. New PvP Tier List for the update. Mystery religion - Ancient Beliefs, Rituals, Practices: Christianity originated during the time of the Roman Empire, which was also the time at which the mysteries reached their height of popularity. I lost two misprint reliconis due to them using desperation and knocking themselves out. The Aztec Legend of the Agave and Tequila. Just as modern Christianity and Judaism have been significantly influenced by the ancient Greek religion, the Greeks themselves were heavily. African spirituality has always been able to adapt to change and allow itself to absorb the wisdom and views of other religions, much more than, for example, Christianity and Islam. The practice of a religion may also include sermons, commemoration of the activities of a God or gods, sacrifices, festivals, feasts, trance, rituals, liturgies, ceremonies, worship, initiations, funerals, marriages, meditation, invocation, mediumship, music, art, dance, public service, or other aspects of human culture. Temple in Bhaktapur, Nepal. (Crozer Theological Seminary) Date: November 29, 1949 to February 15, 1950? Location: Chester, Pa. Basil's Russian Orthodox Cathedral in Moscow is a World Heritage Site. Religious Beliefs In Palestine Birzeit, West Bank. Christianity: with 2,116,909,552 members (which includes 1,117,759,185 Roman Catholics, 372,586,395 Protestants, 221,746,920 Orthodox, and 81,865,869 Anglicans). Restores the user for half the damage done. India has a population of 1. If you would rather call us or send us a letter, you can reach us at 225 Liberty Street 4th Floor, New York, NY 10281 |. Islam is a monotheistic religion, teaching belief in one God and is based on the Quran. 1% of the total population. Below appears a list, sortable by column, of Doodles and their Base Stats. ), Dictionnaire Ricci. The country is secular and its constitution guarantees freedom. A run on the Island starts in the Runic Island Gateway, which can only be accessed after completing the Runic Island request at DoodleCo. Other minor religions in the country include Hinduism, Judaism, the Baha'i Faith, Indigenous Beliefs, Other Christians, and Atheists. 9 billion. Among the thousands found across the world, the main world religions are some of the oldest in history. The word "Islam" means 'submission to the will of God'. Since the 2006 census religion has been excluded, and thus available statistics are estimates made by religious and non-governmental agencies. This entry is an ordered listing of religions by adherents starting with the largest group and sometimes includes the percent of total population. Smaller populations of Animists, practitioners of other faiths, and religiously unaffiliated people are also present. 2%), while Catholic is the third (2. e. PRRI’s 2020 Census of American Religion provides unprecedented county-level data on religious identity and diversity in the United States. Ytterligare en kort definition är att ”religion” är varje specifik tro när det gäller det övernaturliga, något som vanligen omfattar ritualer, en etisk kod, en livsfilosofi och en världsbild. 9%. Often religions believe in the spiritual nature of humans. [ 4] Religioner kan ses som olika svar på frågor om livets mening och mål och om moraliska krav och plikter mot medmänniskorna. Religions for Peace celebrates more than 50 years of bringing together the world’s religions to advance peace, mutual understanding, and security. The essay examines how Christianity developed as a distinct religion. Non-trinitarian faith groups reject the Trinity. Today,. Reinhold Merkelbach. The bulk of the human religious experience pre-dates written history. 7 million, followed by Thailand at 66. " The Trinity doctrine expresses the belief that God is one being made up of three. a system of spiritual or supernatural belief. Islam strictly prohibits its followers from cremating the remains of a Muslim. . com . The number of Christians is projected to rise by 34%, slightly faster than the global population overall yet far more slowly than Muslims. When it comes to spirituality, Italy is a traditionally Catholic country. They have a worldwide presence and are one of the world's largest Christian religions. e. It also frequently refers to self-awareness, as one realizes and recognizes the divine spark within their mortal shell. It was adapted from the Latin term religio, a term roughly equivalent to “scrupulousness”. Religion has been a major influence on the societies, cultures, traditions, philosophies, artistic expressions and laws within present-day Europe. You may click on one of eight religious groupings listed in the menu to examine its relative prevalence in each country. Western Christianity is a subset of Christianity, originally based on the Latin Christianity of the Catholic Church, as opposed to Eastern Orthodoxy – from which it was divided during the Great Schism of the 11th century – and various other non-western Christian movements. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. The oral tradition that gave rise to the Mahabharata, for example, probably dates to about 850 BCE, although its written Sanskrit form is. Even though there is a little bit of flexibility regarding cremation in other Abrahamic faiths such as Judaism and Christianity, there is no room for cremation in Islam. Evidence of a sedentary way of life, a basic. Many also want to know what happens after death. Religion. Roman Catholicism was brought to the continent by the European colonial powers in the 17th and 18th centuries who enforced the religion to the native tribes. Shintoism (3rd century BCE – 8th century CE) Though not codified until 712 CE in response to contact with mainland religions (namely, Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism), Shintoism is a direct descendant of the animistic folk religion of the Yayoi, whose culture spread from the north of Kyushu to the rest of Japan from the 3rd century BCE onward. While Zoroastrianism is a fairly small religion by comparison, it shares many central concepts with major religions such as Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. They view Adam, Noah, Krishna, Moses, Zoroaster, Buddha, Jesus, the Bab, and Mohammed as being some of these Manifestations. it’s not a fair trade, you’re overpaying for the Hattrix and runestone. 0:00 / 5:49 Reviewing the Reliconis Update - Doodle World Odyssey Gaming 1. The remainder of the population belongs to folk or traditional religions (2%) or to other religions considered as a group (10%). Western Christianity itself was divided by the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century,. And as promised, on the young couple’s first. Thus, Dumézil’s work could as. Judaism believes that there is only one God and He. Catholics and Protestants in Latin America differ in their levels of religious observance. It will be more fun and will relieve you of the pressure to be there if you are ill or otherwise unable to make a session. St. All three forbid same sex. Field values are determined through extensive research and are verified for consistency of definition and interpretation, and are implemented consistently on a. [2] [3] In Southeastern Europe, three countries ( Bosnia and. It can be used to craft lures that attract different creatures. The Public Religion Research Institute (PRRI) today released the inaugural 2020 Census of American Religion, which provides unprecedented county-level data on religious identity and diversity in the United States. The Jewish tzedakah boxes also see 10% of a household’s income—much like its Christian cousins. Religious Proselytizing. The second biggest religion in Indonesia is Protestant (5. Mankind has replaced Him with gods that are more to their liking. [2] An overwhelming majority of Americans believe in a higher power, [3] engage in spiritual practices, [4] and consider themselves religious or spiritual. Highly complex animistic beliefs builds the core concept of traditional African religions. About 85 percent of the world’s population identifies with a religious group. Rather, the existence of so many religions is demonstration of humanity’s rejection of the one true God. Most religions offer some. S. These traditions lacked sacred texts and. 8 billion people in the world who identify themselves as believers of Islam (also known as Muslims) and these account for 24. First, all other religions exhort man to reach up to God and grasp hold of Him through their own efforts. The Bosphorus and Dardanelles Straits and the Sea of Marmara separate these two parts of Turkey. Religion in Russia is diverse, with Orthodox Christianity being the most widely professed faith, but with significant minorities of non-religious people and adherents of other faiths. The Christian religion is thought to be represented by 5. The passionate. SHARE 15 interesting religions you may not know about. Olupona. A traditional representation of The Vinegar Tasters, an allegorical image representing Buddha, Confucius, and Laozi. It was the mandated state religion of the country from 1939-1975, during the dictatorship of Francisco Franco. This Video is All About Reliconis! The New Extinct Legendary Doodle! Runic Island is Almost Here! Soon You Will Be Able To Hunt This Extinct Legend!Reliconis is a Beast/Spirit-type Legendary Doodle. Religion is a set of organized beliefs, practices, and systems that most often relate to the belief and worship of a controlling force, such as a personal god or another supernatural being. Awe, a sense of mystery, a sense of guilt, and adoration are "religious feelings" which tend to be aroused in religious believers when they come in the presence of sacred objects, in sacred places, and during the practice of sacred rituals. Mammolten's base form was originally used to be called "Dormant Form" and its form change used to be called "Active Form". , Zhongguo gudai dongwuxue shi 中國古代動物學史 (Beijing: Kexue chubanshe, 1999); Francine Fèvre and Georges Métailié (eds. Today, the continent's various populations and individuals are mostly adherents of Christianity, Islam, and to a lesser extent several traditional African religions. The world intrudes in the form of COVID, a mouse plague and recovered. It may surprise you to know that 14. Natural thought. 7% are Buddhist. Highly complex animistic beliefs builds the core concept of traditional African religions. The Public Religion Research Institute (PRRI) today released the inaugural 2020 Census of American Religion, which provides unprecedented county-level data on religious identity and diversity in the United States. Plato (c. ”Because Voltaire was a. Religiō. 3 billion, a 35% increase. Religions runs special issues to create collections of papers on specific topics. Many also want to know what happens after death. It has been the goal of students of religion for many centuries but especially so with the increased knowledge of the world’s religions and the advent of modern methods of scientific inquiry in the last two centuries. Polytheism characterizes virtually all religions other than Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, which share a common tradition of monotheism, the belief in one god. Islam. This is a dangerous enterprise. King wrote this paper for the course Development of Christian Ideas, taught by Davis. [1] A lack of written records results in most of the knowledge of pre. 1 % of the world’s total population. Spirit types are immune. The study of religion emerged as a formal discipline during the 19th century, when the methods and approaches of history, philology, literary criticism, psychology, anthropology, sociology, economics, and other fields were. [5] [6] Christianity is the most widely. Originally published in 1952, al-Din, by prominent Egyptian scholar Muhammad Abdullah Draz (1894–1958), has been critically acclaimed as one of the most influential Arab Muslim studies of universal 'religion' and forms of religiosity in modern times. 6.